Why it Matters

The Effects of Carbon Emissions on Public Health and Climate Change: Understanding the Social Cost of Carbon in New York

Carbon emissions are a significant driver of both public health issues and climate change. The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming and air pollution. This dual impact poses serious risks to human health and the environment, necessitating urgent action to mitigate these effects, particularly in New York State.

Public Health Impacts

Air pollution, largely driven by carbon emissions, is a major public health concern in New York. Particulate matter (PM2.5) and other pollutants from fossil fuel combustion contribute to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, leading to increased hospital admissions, chronic illnesses, and premature deaths. Vulnerable populations, such as children, the elderly, and those with preexisting health conditions, are particularly at risk. Moreover, communities located near industrial areas or major highways—often low-income or communities of color—bear a disproportionate burden of these health impacts.

In New York City alone, air pollution contributes to over 3,000 premature deaths, 2,000 hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, and 6,000 emergency room visits for asthma each year. The American Lung Association reports that several counties in New York, including the Bronx and Queens, frequently have unhealthy levels of ozone and particle pollution​ (World Health Organization (WHO))​.

Climate Change Impacts

Carbon emissions are the primary driver of climate change, leading to global warming and a host of related environmental issues in New York. Rising global temperatures result in more frequent and severe weather events, including hurricanes, heatwaves, floods, and droughts. These changes disrupt ecosystems, harm biodiversity, and threaten food and water security. Additionally, the melting of polar ice caps and glaciers contributes to sea-level rise, posing a significant threat to New York City's coastal communities.

Climate change also exacerbates existing health issues. For example, heatwaves can cause heatstroke and dehydration, particularly among the elderly and those with chronic illnesses. In New York, heatwaves have become more frequent and severe, with significant impacts on public health. Changing weather patterns can expand the range of vector-borne diseases such as West Nile virus, affecting populations that were previously not at risk. Furthermore, climate-related disasters can lead to mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), especially among those who lose their homes or livelihoods​​ (World Health Organization (WHO))​.

The Social Cost of Carbon

The social cost of carbon (SCC) is a metric that estimates the economic damages associated with a one-ton increase in CO2 emissions. This includes the impacts on agriculture, health, property damages from increased flood risk, and changes in energy costs. By putting a price on carbon emissions, the SCC helps policymakers understand the economic benefits of reducing emissions. In New York, the SCC is used to guide state regulatory actions and policies.

Urgency of Addressing Carbon Emissions

Addressing carbon emissions is crucial for both mitigating climate change and protecting public health. The longer we delay action, the greater the environmental and health damages, and the higher the costs of addressing them in the future. Immediate action to reduce emissions can prevent thousands of premature deaths, reduce the incidence of diseases, and avoid severe economic losses in New York.

New York State has been proactive in its efforts to reduce carbon emissions through initiatives like the Climate Leadership and Community Protection Act (CLCPA), which mandates an 85% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 from 1990 levels​ (NYSERDA)​​ (Department of Environmental Conservation)​. The state's investment in clean energy technologies and policies such as cap-and-invest can significantly reduce carbon emissions. These measures not only help in combating climate change but also promote economic growth by creating green jobs and fostering innovation​.

Moreover, transitioning to a low-carbon economy can lead to substantial public health benefits by improving air quality and reducing health care costs. For example, the adoption of electric vehicles and renewable and clean energy sources has the potential to significantly reduce air pollution in urban areas, leading to better health outcomes for residents.

The effects of carbon emissions on public health and climate change cannot be ignored and are intertwined in the framework of New York. The social cost of carbon provides a valuable tool for quantifying these impacts and guiding policy decisions. By focusing on reducing carbon emissions now, New York can protect public health, mitigate climate change, and ensure a sustainable and equitable future for all. Immediate and sustained efforts are essential to address this pressing state challenge.